Proof-of-resource: A resource-efficient consensus mechanism for IoT devices in blockchain networks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4108/eetiot.6565Keywords:
Blockchain, Consensus mechanism, IoTAbstract
In this paper, we propose an innovative, lightweight, and energy-efficient consensus mechanism, Proof-of-Resource (PoR), custom-designed for Internet of Things (IoT) devices in blockchain networks. As IoT's integration with blockchain faces hurdles such as scalability, resource efficiency, and security, conventional blockchain consensus mechanisms prove unsuitable due to IoT devices' resource limitations. The PoR is a breakthrough that capitalizes on IoT device resources' inherent capabilities to achieve consensus, thus enabling secure and efficient data exchange while minimizing resource consumption. Our paper presents the comprehensive design of PoR, discussing aspects like initialization, resource verification, consensus protocol, validator selection, block validation, and rewards. Through a simulation involving fifteen IoT devices, we demonstrate that PoR effectively addresses key challenges in IoT-blockchain integration, signifying a significant step forward in enabling blockchain technology for IoT systems.
Downloads
References
Kök, İ., Okay, F.Y.,Muyanlı, Ö., Özdemir, S.: Explainable artificial intelligence (xai) for internet of things: a survey. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2023) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3287678
Qiu, T., Chen, N., Li, K., Atiquzzaman, M., Zhao, W.: How can heterogeneous internet of things build our future: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 20(3) (2018) 2011–2027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2803740
Abbasi, M., Plaza-Hernández, M., Prieto, J., Corchado, J.M.: Security in the internet of things application layer: Requirements, threats, and solutions. IEEE Access 10 (2022) 97197–97216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3205351
Mezquita, Y., Plaza-Hernández, M., Abbasi, M., Prieto, J.: Cryptocurrencies, systematic literature review on their current context and challenges. In: International Congress on Blockchain and Applications, Springer (2023) 162–172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21229-1_16
Majeed, U., Khan, L.U., Yaqoob, I., Kazmi, S.A., Salah, K., Hong, C.S.: Blockchain for iot-based smart cities: Recent advances, requirements, and future challenges. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 181 (2021) 103007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2021.103007
Platt, M., Sedlmeir, J., Platt, D., Xu, J., Tasca, P., Vadgama, N., Ibañez, J.I.: The energy footprint of blockchain consensus mechanisms beyond proof-of-work. In: 2021 IEEE 21st International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C), IEEE (2021) 1135–1144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/QRS-C55045.2021.00168
Jiang, W., Wu, X., Song, M., Qin, J., Jia, Z.: A scalable byzantine fault tolerance algorithm based on a tree topology network. IEEE Access 11 (2023) 33509–33519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3264011
Lao, L., Dai, X., Xiao, B., Guo, S.: G-pbft: a location based and scalable consensus protocol for iot-blockchain applications. In: 2020 IEEE international parallel and distributed processing symposium (IPDPS), IEEE (2020) 664–673 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IPDPS47924.2020.00074
Xu, R., Chen, Y., Blasch, E., Chen, G.: Microchain: A hybrid consensus mechanism for lightweight distributed ledger for iot. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.10948 (2019)
Liu, Z., Hou, L., Zheng, K., Zhou, Q., Mao, S.: A dqn-based consensus mechanism for blockchain in iot networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 9(14) (2021) 11962–11973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3132420
Fu, J., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Li, F.: Bct: An efficient and fault tolerance blockchain consensus transform mechanism for iot. IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2021)
Huang, J., Kong, L., Chen, G., Cheng, L., Wu, K., Liu, X.: B-iot: Blockchain driven internet of things with credit-based consensus mechanism. In: 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), IEEE (2019) 1348–1357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2019.00135
Li, C., Zhang, J., Yang, X., Youlong, L.: Lightweight blockchain consensus mechanism and storage optimization for resource-constrained iot devices. Information Processing & Management 58(4) (2021) 102602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102602
Biswas, S., Sharif, K., Li, F., Maharjan, S., Mohanty, S.P., Wang, Y.: Pobt: A lightweight consensus algorithm for scalable iot business blockchain. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7(3) (2019) 2343–2355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2019.2958077
Hossain, M.T., Badsha, S., Shen, H.: Porch: A novel consensus mechanism for blockchain-enabled future scada systems in smart grids and industry 4.0. In: 2020 IEEE International IOT, Electronics and Mechatronics Conference (IEMTRONICS), IEEE (2020) 1–7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMTRONICS51293.2020.9216438
Türk, U., Östh, J.: Introducing a spatially explicit gini measure for spatial segregation. Journal of Geographical Systems (2023) 1–20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-023-00412-1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 license, which permits unlimited use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium so long as the original work is properly cited.
