Deep learning-based lung nodule detection: a review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4108/eetel.4775Abstract
CT scan acquisition is fast and cost-effective and has become the main lung imaging tool. However, the increase in large numbers of CT scans has placed a heavy burden on radiologists; therefore, automated lung nodule detection techniques are needed to reduce the workload of radiologists and computer-aided detection systems are proposed for further accurate diagnosis of the condition. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent automated lung nodule detection techniques and challenges, etc., as well as a detailed overview and discussion of current research gaps, future developments, and research trends. Relevant articles published in databases such as IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science cover research algorithms published from 2014 to 2023, mainly discussing deep learning-based techniques. The schemes presented in these articles, the databases used, the experimental results, and the performance of the algorithms are compared and discussed. This work aims to introduce researchers and readers to the latest techniques and their advances in the detection of lung nodules in the last decade, which will help researchers and radiologists to further understand the latest techniques in this field.
References
D. M. Hansell, A. A. Bankier, H. Macmahon, T. C. Mcloud, N. L. Müller, and J. Remy, "Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging," Radiology, vol. 246, no. 3, pp. 697-722, 2008.
A. Snoeckx et al., "Evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule: size matters, but do not ignore the power of morphology," Insights Into Imaging, 2018.
Q. Zhou et al., "China National Guideline of Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment for Lung Nodules (2016 Version)," Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 793-798, 2016.
C. I. Henschke et al., "Early Lung Cancer Action Project: overall design and findings from baseline screening," vol. 354, no. 9173, pp. 0-105, 1999.
A. A. A. Setio et al., "Validation, comparison, and combination of algorithms for automatic detection of pulmonary nodules in computed tomography images: The LUNA16 challenge," Elsevier, 2017.
S.-H. Wang and S. Fernandes, "AVNC: Attention-based VGG-style network for COVID-19 diagnosis by CBAM," IEEE Sens. J., vol. 22, no. 18, pp. 17431 - 17438, 2022.
S.-H. Wang, "Diagnosis of COVID-19 by Wavelet Renyi Entropy and Three-Segment Biogeography-Based Optimization," International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1332-1344, 2020.
S. W. Kang, S. Jeon, Y. G. Lee, and B. S. Ye, "Dopamine transporter positron emission tomography in patients with Alzheimer's disease with Lewy body disease features," Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 134, pp. 57-65, Feb 2024.
A. Sakai et al., "13N-ammonia positron emission tomography for diagnosis and monitoring of ischemia without obstructive coronary artery disease," International journal of cardiology, vol. 395, p. 131392, 2024 Jan 15 (Epub 2023 Sep 2024.
S. Wang, "Magnetic resonance brain classification by a novel binary particle swarm optimization with mutation and time-varying acceleration coefficients," (in English), Biomedical Engineering-Biomedizinische Technik, Article vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 431-441, Aug 2016.
S.-H. Wang, "Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss identification based on double-density dual-tree complex wavelet transform and multinomial logistic regression," Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 26, pp. 411-426, 2019.
Y. Zhang, "Pathological brain detection in MRI scanning by wavelet packet Tsallis entropy and fuzzy support vector machine," SpringerPlus, vol. 4, no. 1, 2015, Art no. 716.
Y. Zhang, "Pathological brain detection in MRI scanning via Hu moment invariants and machine learning," Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 299-312, 2017.
Y.-D. Zhang, "Computer-aided diagnosis of abnormal breasts in mammogram images by weighted-type fractional Fourier transform," (in English), Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Article vol. 8, no. 2, Feb 2016, Art no. 11.
S. Wang, "Pathological Brain Detection by a Novel Image Feature—Fractional Fourier Entropy," Entropy, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 8278-8296, 2015.
G. Zhang et al., "Automatic nodule detection for lung cancer in CT images: A review," Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 103, 2018.
S. G. Armato et al., "The Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC) and Image Database Resource Initiative (IDRI): a completed reference database of lung nodules on CT scans," Academic Radiology, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1455-1463, 2007.
Y. H. Lin, "Data Analysis of the Lung Imaging Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative," Academic radiology, vol. 22, no. 4, 2015.
C. I. Henschke et al., "Early lung cancer action project: a summary of the findings on baseline screening," (in eng), The oncologist, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 147-52, 2001.
Y. Ru Zhao, X. Xie, H. J. de Koning, W. P. Mali, R. Vliegenthart, and M. Oudkerk, "NELSON lung cancer screening study," (in eng), Cancer imaging : the official publication of the International Cancer Imaging Society, vol. 11 Spec No A, no. 1a, pp. S79-84, Oct 3 2011.
Y. D. Zhang, "Fractal Dimension Estimation for Developing Pathological Brain Detection System Based on Minkowski-Bouligand Method," IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 5937-5947, 2016.
Y. Zhang, "Image processing methods to elucidate spatial characteristics of retinal microglia after optic nerve transection," Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 21816, 2016/02/18 2016.
Ezhil, E., Nithila, S. S., and Kumar, "Segmentation of lung nodule in CT data using active contour model and Fuzzy C-mean clustering," Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 2583-2588, 2016.
X. Li, B. Li, F. Liu, H. Yin, and F. Zhou, "Segmentation of Pulmonary Nodules Using a GMM Fuzzy C-means Algorithm," IEEE Access, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1-1, 2020.
J. John and M. G. Mini, "Multilevel Thresholding BasedSegmentation and Feature Extraction for Pulmonary Nodule Detection," Procedia Technology, vol. 24, pp. 957-963,2016.
R. Roy, P. Banerjee, and A. S. Chowdhury, "A Level SetBased Unified Framework for Pulmonary NoduleSegmentation," Signal Processing Letters, IEEE, vol. PP,no. 99, pp. 1-1, 2020.
W. Choi and T.-S. Choi, "Automated pulmonary noduledetection based on three-dimensional shape-based featuredescriptor," Computer methods and programs inbiomedicine, vol. 113 1, pp. 37-54, 2014.
Javaid et al., "A novel approach to CAD system for thedetection of lung nodules in CT images," ComputerMethods & Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 135, no. C, pp.125-139, 2016.
A. El-Baz et al., "Computer-Aided Diagnosis Systems forLung Cancer: Challenges and Methodologies,"International Journal of Biomedical Imaging,2013,(2013-1-29), vol. 2013, p. 942353, 2013.
O. Ronneberger, P. Fischer, and T. Brox, "U-Net:Convolutional Networks for Biomedical ImageSegmentation," Springer International Publishing, 2015.
Long, Jonathan, Shelhamer, Evan, Darrell, and Trevor,"Fully Convolutional Networks for SemanticSegmentation," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis &Machine Intelligence, 2017.
M. Zhang, Z. Kong, W. Zhu, F. Yan, and C. Xie,"Pulmonary nodule detection based on 3D feature pyramidnetwork with incorporated squeeze゛nd〆xcitation゛ttention mechanism," Concurrency and ComputationPractice and Experience, 2021.
T. Y. Lin, P. Dollar, R. Girshick, K. He, B. Hariharan, andS.Belongie, "Feature Pyramid Networks for ObjectDetection," IEEE Computer Society, 2017.
S. Zheng, J. Guo, X. Cui, R. N. J. Veldhuis, M. Oudkerk,and P. M. A. Van Ooijen, "Automatic Pulmonary NoduleDetection in CT Scans Using Convolutional NeuralNetworks Based on Maximum Intensity Projection," IEEETransactions on Medical Imaging, 2019.
S. Zheng et al., "Deep convolutional neural networks formultiplanar lung nodule detection: Improvement in smallnodule identification," (in eng), Medical physics, vol. 48,no. 2, pp. 733-744, Feb 2021.
M. Tan and Q. V. Le, "EfficientNet: Rethinking ModelScaling for Convolutional Neural Networks," 2019.
J. Ding, A. Li, Z. Hu, and L. Wang, "Accurate PulmonaryNodule Detection in Computed Tomography Images UsingDeep Convolutional Neural Networks," in Springer, Cham,2017.
Y. Su, D. Li, and X. Chen, "Lung Nodule Detection basedon Faster R-CNN Framework," Computer Methods andPrograms in Biomedicine, vol. 200, no. 1, p. 105866, 2020.
J. Gu, Z. Tian, and Y. Qi, "Pulmonary nodules detectionbased on deformable convolution," IEEE Access, vol. PP,no. 99, pp. 1-1, 2020.
C. C. Nguyen, G. S. Tran, V. T. Nguyen, J. C. Burie, and T.P.Nghiem, "Pulmonary Nodule Detection Based on FasterR-CNN With Adaptive Anchor Box," IEEE Access, vol. 9,pp. 154740-154751, 2021.
M. Jaderberg, K. Simonyan, A. Zisserman, and K.Kavukcuoglu, "Spatial Transformer Networks," MIT Press,2015.
J. Dai et al., "Deformable Convolutional Networks," IEEE,2017.
Forsyth and David, "Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models," Computer, 2014.
D. Comaniciu and P. Meer, "Mean shift: a robust approachtoward feature space analysis," IEEE Transactions onPattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 5,pp. 603-619, 2002.
H. Zhang and H. Zhang, "LungSeek: 3D Selective Kernelresidual network for pulmonary nodule diagnosis," (in eng), The Visual computer, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 679-692, 2023.
X. Li, W. Wang, X. Hu, and J. Yang, "Selective KernelNetworks," in 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on ComputerVision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2019, pp. 510-519.
G. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Yao, and Q. Shen, "Attention-Guided Feature Extraction and Multiscale Feature Fusion3D ResNet for Automated Pulmonary Nodule Detection,"IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 61530-61543, 2022.
X. Zhu, X. Wang, Y. Shi, S. Ren, and W. Wang, "Channel-Wise Attention Mechanism in the 3D ConvolutionalNetwork for Lung Nodule Detection," Electronics, vol. 11,no. 10, p. 1600, 2022.
Y. S. Huang, P. R. Chou, H. M. Chen, Y. C. Chang, and R.F.Chang, "One-stage pulmonary nodule detection using 3-D DCNN with feature fusion and attention mechanism inCT image," Computer Methods and Programs inBiomedicine, vol. 220, pp. 106786-, 2022.
H. Zhang, Y. Peng, and Y. Guo, "Pulmonary nodulesdetection based on multi-scale attention networks," (in eng), Scientific reports, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 1466, Jan 27 2022.
X. Luo et al., "SCPM-Net: An anchor-free 3D lung noduledetection network using sphere representation and centerpoints matching," Med Image Anal, 2022.
H. Yuan, Z. Fan, Y. Wu, and J. Cheng, "An efficient multi-path 3D convolutional neural network for false-positivereduction of pulmonary nodule detection," Internationaljournal of computer assisted radiology and surgery, vol. 16,no. 12, pp. 2269-2277.
L. Haibo, T. Shanli, S. Shuang, and L. Haoran, "Animproved yolov3 algorithm for pulmonary noduledetection," in 2021 IEEE 4th Advanced InformationManagement, Communicates, Electronic and AutomationControl Conference (IMCEC), 2021, vol. 4, pp. 1068-1072.
K. Lai, T. Nguyen, and T. Le, "Detection of Lung Noduleson CT Images based on the Convolutional Neural Networkwith Attention Mechanism," Annals of EmergingTechnologies in Computing, vol. 5, pp. 78-89, 04/01 2021.
J. Mei, M. M. Cheng, G. Xu, L. R. Wan, and H. Zhang,"SANet: A Slice-Aware Network for Pulmonary NoduleDetection," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis andMachine Intelligence, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 4374-4387, 2022.
H. Peng, H. Sun, and Y. Guo, "3D multi-scale deepconvolutional neural networks for pulmonary noduledetection," (in eng), PloS one, vol. 16, no. 1, p. e0244406,2021.
Z. Xiao, B. Liu, L. Geng, F. Zhang, and Y. Liu,"Segmentation of Lung Nodules Using Improved 3D-UNetNeural Network," Symmetry, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 1787, 2020.
J. Wang et al., "Pulmonary Nodule Detection in VolumetricChest CT Scans Using CNNs-based Nodule-Size-AdaptiveDetection and Classification," IEEE Access, pp. 1-1, 2019.
Y. Gu et al., "Automatic lung nodule detection using a 3Ddeep convolutional neural network combined with a multi-scale prediction strategy in chest CTs," Computers inBiology and Medicine, vol. 103, 2018.
P. Monkam et al., "Ensemble Learning of Multiple-View3D-CNNs Model for Micro-Nodules Identification in CTImages," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 5564-5576, 2019.
W. Li, P. Cao, D. Zhao, and J. Wang, "Pulmonary NoduleClassification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networkson Computed Tomography Images," (in eng),Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, vol.2016, p. 6215085, 2016.
M. Krichen, "Generative Adversarial Networks," in 202314th International Conference on ComputingCommunication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT),2023, pp. 1-7.
D. Bolya, S. Foley, J. Hays, and J. Hoffman, "TIDE: AGeneral Toolbox for Identifying Object Detection Errors,"in Computer Vision – ECCV 2020, Cham, 2020: SpringerInternational Publishing, pp. 558-573.
R. R. Selvaraju, M. Cogswell, A. Das, R. Vedantam, D.Parikh, and D. Batra, "Grad-CAM: Visual Explanationsfrom Deep Networks via Gradient-Based Localization," inIEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2017.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 EAI Endorsed Transactions on e-Learning
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 license, which permits unlimited use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium so long as the original work is properly cited.