EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems

QoE-Energy Consumption Optimization for End-User Devices in Adaptive Bitrate Video Streaming Using the Lagrange Multiplier Method

Tien Vu Huu, Thao Nguyen Thi Huong — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the Internet and ICT sectors has become a critical challenge. According to recent research, the key contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in Internet include high energy consumption factors such as data centers, transmission network devices, and end-user devices. Among Internet services, video streaming is one of the services having the highest traffic volume and number of users. Consequently, developing energy-efficient solutions for video streaming networks, particularly for end-user devices, is an urgent research priority. Reducing energy consumption in end-user devices in a video streaming system often requires compromises in parameters that impact the quality of user experience (QoE). Therefore, achieving an optimal trade-off between minimizing energy consumption and maintaining an acceptable QoE is a key objective. In this study, a cost function that integrates QoE and energy consumption is developed using the Lagrange multiplier method. Based on this function, an adaptive bitrate algorithm is proposed to select optimal video segments for video players, ensuring maximum QoE while minimizing energy consumption. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using various types of video samples under varying network bandwidth conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces energy consumption of end-user devices by up to 6.7% and enhances QoE by 20% compared to previous methods.

Security-Reliability Analysis of NOMA-Assisted Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Multi-Cast Transmission Networks Using Fountain Codes and Partial Relay Selection with Presence of Multiple Eavesdroppers

Toan Van Nguyen, Trung Duy Tran, Ngoc Son Pham, Viet Tuan Pham, Lam Thanh Tu — Fri, 11 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article proposes a hybrid satellite-terrestrial relaying network (HSTRN) that integrates physical-layer security (PLS), Fountain codes (FCs), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and partial relay selection (PRS) to enhance system performance in terms of reliability, data rate, and security. In the proposed system, a satellite uses NOMA to simultaneously transmit Fountain packets to two clusters of terrestrial users. Data transmission is assisted by one of the terrestrial relay stations, selected by the PRS algorithm. We derive exact expressions for outage probability (OP) and system outage probability (SOP) at the legitimate users, as well as intercept probability (IP) and system intercept probability (SIP) at eavesdroppers. Monte Carlo simulations are realized to validate the accuracy of the analytical results, illustrate performance trends, and analyze the impact of key parameters on the considered performance.

Return Loss Optimization in Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for 5G Applications

Thi Bich Ngoc Tran, Van Su Dang — Thu, 12 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In recent decades, wireless communication has advanced significantly. People increasingly rely on the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data analytics. These services require higher data rates, faster transmission and reception times, greater coverage, and increased throughput. 5G technology supports all of these features. Antennas, essential components of modern wireless devices, must be designed to meet the growing demand for fast and intelligent products. This study aims to optimize the dimensions and characteristics of a rectangular patch antenna. To examine the impact of independent variables (such as patch length, patch width, inset slot length, and inset slot width) on the response variables (return loss and resonant frequency), Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined with Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied. The findings of the RSM analysis indicated that the experimental data were best represented by a quadratic polynomial model, with regression coefficients exceeding 0.970 for all responses. The optimized parameters identified are as follows: a patch length of 4.7 mm, a patch width of 4.7 mm, an inset slot length of 0.8 mm, and an inset slot width of 1.0 mm. The antenna designed using these optimized parameters achieved a target return loss of -45.865 dB at a frequency of 28.122 GHz. Finally, the results were validated using CST Studio Suite, which demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data.