The Advancement of Electronic Gadgets in 21st Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4108/ew.4196Keywords:
Curved Displays, Foldable Phones, Gorilla Glass, User Interface, UI, User Experience, UX, Operating System, OS, Organic Light Emitting Diode, OLED, Liquid Crystal Display, LSDAbstract
The 21st Century was full of innovation when it came to the Tech Sector alone, be it the introduction of the Iphone, or the launch of the big conglomerates such as Facebook and Twitter. The 21st Century gave rise to the concepts of the Curved Displays on phones and the Foldable phones. There were numerous problems which were associated with the flat screen displays, and the shortcomings have been overcome by the Curved Displays and the Foldable phones as discussed in the paper. They have revolutionized the Technological market since their launch. Many Conglomerates such as Samsung, Honor, Xiaomi have invested millions of dollars in availing this new technology. However, currently Samsung has the lead over all its Chinese competitors, and with different companies investing in the new technology, the competition is predicted to become more intense. This will surely give customers a huge variety of phones to choose from. However, this technology did not come without its drawbacks. There were multiple issues associated with the Foldable Phones such as the weight associated with the phone when folded, the tensile strength of the Foldable phones is very low, and the User Interface is not something one could get excited about. Similar issues existed with Curved Displays as well, including costly repair costs, and it is harder to get a grip on compared to the Foldable phones due to the thinning of the edges. The paper discusses in depth the shortcomings of all the types of Phones, as well as which would be the best fit for the user, along with the current trend of the users, and what the Future holds for this segment of Technology.
Downloads
References
Yi J, Park S, Im J, Jeon S, Kyung G. Effects of display curvature and hand length on smartphone usability. InProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 2017 Sep (Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 1054-1057). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601868
Lee Y, Lee JH, Kim YM, Lee J, Kwon S, Sim H, Yun MH. The Effects of Curvature of Edge Screen on Subjective Feelings in Smartphone Usage. InProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 2017 Sep (Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 1269-1270). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601798
Park J, Heo S, Park K, Song MH, Kim JY, Kyung G, Ruoff RS, Park JU, Bien F. Research on flexible display at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. npj Flexible Electronics. 2017 Nov 13;1(1):9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-017-0006-9
Ashish Kumar Mishra "Foldable World" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4, June 2020, pp.1604-1607, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31616.pdf
Lee Y, Kim W, Lee JH, Kim YM, Yun MH. Understanding the relationship between user’s subjective feeling and the degree of side curvature in a smartphone. Applied Sciences. 2020 May 10;10(9):3320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093320
Huitema E. The future of displays is foldable. Information Display. 2012 Feb;28(2-3):6-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2637-496X.2012.tb00470.x
Alam A, Hanna A, Irwin R, Ezhilarasu G, Boo H, Hu Y, Wong CW, Fisher TS, Iyer SS. Heterogeneous integration of a fan-out wafer-level packaging based foldable display on elastomeric substrate. In2019 IEEE 69th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC) 2019 May 28 (pp. 277-282). IEEE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2019.00048
Ha MH, Choi JK, Park BM, Han KY. Highly flexible cover window using ultra-thin glass for foldable displays. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 2021 Feb;35:661-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-0126-y
Sun N, Jiang C, Li Q, Tan D, Bi S, Song J. Performance of OLED under mechanical strain: a review. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2020 Dec;31:20688-729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04652-5
Jang DH, Han KY. Multi-hardness hybrid silicone pad to laminate the bended cover window in a flexible OLED display. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 2021 May;35:1987-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-0416-4
Ma L, Gu J. Optimized Design of Wiring Scheme for Conductive Layer in Bending Area of a Flexible OLED. Russian Physics Journal. 2021 Jul;64:450-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11182-021-02349-8
Lee SM, Shin D, Yun I. Degradation mechanisms of amorphous InGaZnO thin-film transistors used in foldable displays by dynamic mechanical stress. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2016 Dec 5;64(1):170-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2016.2631597
Chen JT, Yang SH. Novel green temporary bonding and separation method for manufacturing thin displays. IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society. 2020 Aug 19;8:917-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JEDS.2020.3017873
Boher P, Leroux T, Collomb Patton V, Bignon T, Blanc P. Viewing angle measurements on curved displays. Journal of Information Display. 2015 Oct 2;16(4):207-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15980316.2015.1094428
Kujala S, Roto V, Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila K, Karapanos E, Sinnelä A. UX Curve: A method for evaluating long-term user experience. Interacting with computers. 2011 Sep 1;23(5):473-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.06.005
Chen HW, Lee JH, Lin BY, Chen S, Wu ST. Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives. Light: Science & Applications. 2018 Mar;7(3):17168-. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2017.168
Yi J, Park S, Kyung G. Ambivalent effects of display curvature on smartphone usability. Applied Ergonomics. 2019 Jul 1;78:13-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.02.002
Lee S. Ergonomic Design Guidelines for Non-flexible, Foldable, and Rollable Mobile Devices. 2019.
Lee S, Kyung G, Yi J, Choi D, Park S, Choi B, Lee S. Determining ergonomic smartphone forms with high grip comfort and attractive design. Human factors. 2019 Feb;61(1):90-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818792758
Chen JT, Yang SH. Method for debonding of thin glass substrate and carrier for manufacturing thin flexible displays. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2018 Nov;29:18941-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-0017-x
Takeuchi K, Fujino M, Matsumoto Y, Suga T. Mechanism of bonding and debonding using surface activated bonding method with Si intermediate layer. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2018 Mar 22;57(4S):04FC11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.57.04FC11
Hsu TH, Yu KY, Lai YH, Wang WT, Lin YH. P‐140: Lamination technology for flexible Amoled. InSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 2017 May (Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 1785-1788). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.12031
Kao SC, Li LJ, Hsieh MC, Zhang S, Tsai PM, Sun ZY, Wang DW. 71‐1: Invited paper: the challenges of flexible OLED display development. InSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 2017 May (Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 1034-1037). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.11812
Cho DH, Kwon OE, Park YS, Yu BG, Lee J, Moon J, Cho H, Lee H, Cho NS. Flexible integrated OLED substrates prepared by printing and plating process. Organic Electronics. 2017 Nov 1;50:170-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2017.07.041
Ke TY, Kang T, Lee CT, Chen CY, Su WJ, Wang WT, Huang ZS, Wang JC, Hsu ST, Wang CL, Lai YH. 70‐3: Distinguished Paper: Flexible OLED Display with 620 Degree Celsius LTPS TFT and Touch Sensor Manufactured by Weak Bonding Method. InSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 2020 Aug (Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 1048-1051). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.14053
Cho HW, Lee I, Lee HJ, Kim MH, Park JH, Oh YR. 35‐1: The Mechanism and Solution of Horizontal Line Defects by Mutual Interference of Flexible OLED and Touch Sensor. InSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 2020 Aug (Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 489-492). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.13912
Wang S, Ma C, Yao Q, Wang L. 7.5: the application of metal mesh Manhattan patterns in flexible touch panel. InSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 2021 Feb (Vol. 52, pp. 53-56). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.14371
Kamada T, Hatsumi R, Watanabe K, Kawashima S, Katayama M, Adachi H, Ishitani T, Kusunoki K, Kubota D, Yamazaki S. 71‐4: Distinguished Paper: OLED Display Incorporating Organic Image Sensor. InSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 2019 Jun (Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 1011-1014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.13098
Watanabe K, Iwaki Y, Uchida Y, Nakamura D, Ikeda H, Katayama M, Cho T, Miyake H, Hirakata Y, Yamazaki S. A foldable OLED display with an in‐cell touch sensor having embedded metal‐mesh electrodes. Journal of the Society for Information Display. 2016 Jan;24(1):12-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsid.404
Jeong HJ, Han KL, Ok KC, Lee HM, Oh S, Park JS. Effect of mechanical stress on the stability of flexible InGaZnO thin-film transistors. Journal of Information Display. 2017 Apr 3;18(2):87-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15980316.2017.1294116
Song J, Huang X, Han C, Yu Y, Su Y, Lai P. Recent Developments of Flexible InGaZnO Thin‐Film Transistors. physica status solidi (a). 2021 Apr;218(7):2000527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202000527
Prevatte C, Radauscher E, Meitl MA, Gomez D, Ghosal K, Bonafede S, Raymond B, Moore T, Trindade AJ, Hines P, Bower CA. Miniature heterogeneous fan-out packages for high-performance, large-format systems. In2017 IEEE 67th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC) 2017 May 30 (pp. 1098-1106). IEEE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2017.325
Ke TY, Lee CT, Cheng KN, Su WJ, Kang T, Wang WT, Liu CH, Lin YH. 82‐2: Substrate‐Free Flexible Electronics Manufacturing by Weak Bonding Method. InSID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 2018 May (Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 1106-1109). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.12121
Rodriguez Fernandez M, Zalama Casanova E, Gonzalez Alonso I. Review of display technologies focusing on power consumption. Sustainability. 2015 Aug 11;7(8):10854-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su70810854
Huang DZ. Analysis of the Impact of Foldable Mobile Phones Design on People’s Lives. In2021 International Conference on Public Relations and Social Sciences (ICPRSS 2021) 2021 Oct 21 (pp. 1155-1160). Atlantis Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211020.322
Wang S. Integrated content-aware image retargeting system. Laurentian University (Canada); 2012.
Kang LW, Weng MF, Jheng CL, Tseng CY, Ramesh SK, Gureja A, Hsu HC, Yeh CH. Content-aware image retargeting for image display on foldable mobile devices. Procedia Computer Science. 2015 Jan 1;56:104-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.175
Bai PF, Hayes RA, Jin M, Shui L, Yi ZC, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhou G. Review of paper-like display technologies (invited review). Progress in electromagnetics research. 2014;147:95-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER13120405
Zhao Z, Liu K, Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu Y. Intrinsically flexible displays: key materials and devices. National Science Review. 2022 Jun;9(6):nwac090. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac090
Kim DY, Kim MJ, Sung G, Sun JY. Stretchable and reflective displays: materials, technologies and strategies. Nano Convergence. 2019 Dec;6(1):1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-019-0190-5
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 license, which permits unlimited use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium so long as the original work is properly cited.
